Comparison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson - 978 Words

In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulus would be put together with an excitatory one and over time the neutral stimulus would, at some point down the line elicit the response that was associated with the original unlearned response. Pavlov later added an element known as the nonexcitatory, conditioned stimulus which is but together with an unconditioned stimulus (Lautenheiser 1999). Classic Conditioning can also be known as stimulus response, conditioned response, respondent condition as these are the behaviors that take place du ring the Classical Conditioning. There are two basic forms of associative conditioning, classical and operant. Both Ivan Pavlov and John Watson were the first contributors to these behaviorist theories. Ivan Pavlov’s theory came about by working a dog and John Watson worked his classical conditioning with humans. John B. Watson thought that psychology should be known as the science of observable behavior because according to his writings â€Å"purely objective experimental branch of naturalShow MoreRelatedWatson and Rayner’s Classical Study with Llittle Albert Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesIn the following essay I will be looking into the study conducted by Watson and Rayner (1920) on a small child known as ‘Little Albert’. The experiment was an adaptation of earlier studies on classical conditioning of stimulus response, one most common by Ivan Pavlov, depicting the conditioning of stimulus response in dogs. Watson and Rayner aimed to teach Albert t o become fearful of a placid white rat, via the use of stimulus associations, testing Pavlov’s earlier theory of classical conditioningRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate the Behaviourist Approach in Psychology1536 Words   |  7 PagesApproach The basic assumption of the behaviourist approach is that all behaviour is learned through experiences a person has in their environment. From this we know that behaviourists are on the side of nature in the â€Å"nature vs. nurture† debate. In comparison bio psychologists will be firmly on the side of nurture. There is also the argument between behaviourists to whether behaviour is learnt better through positive or negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is when someone does somethingRead MoreBehavioral Approach And Consistent Misunderstanding And Devaluation1344 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavioral perspective in early childhood. In the conclusion of this paper, we assert that behaviorism is the most pragmatic and functional of the modern psychological ideologies and described both development and learning. The three theorists: Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner summarizes the behaviorist theory in different ways and in this paper; it will provide details of the theorist definition of behaviorism. Keywords: behaviorism, theory, early childhood, adolescence, and development Read MoreThe Behavioral Theory Of Classical Conditioning And The Cognitive Theory1194 Words   |  5 Pagesthe two theories assumptions, measurements of learning, and its implications to the field. Classical Conditioning and Social Cognitive Classical Conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov in 1903. This theory is also known as the respondent conditioning (Olson and Fazio, 2001). Pavlov became well-known for this theory through his series of dog experiments that tested the connection the dogs made with the ringing of the bell and its relation with food (Ormrod, 2012). This is usedRead More The Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology Behavioral Psychology Defined John Watson wrote a paper in the Psychological Review in 1913 and defined behavioral psychology or behaviorism as †¦a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselvesRead MoreThe Father Of Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt ( 1832-1920 ) And The Founder Of Behaviourism John1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe father of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) and the founder of behaviourism John. B Watson both have opposing and corresponding views on psychology. In this essay I will compare and contrast both concepts which will include experimental psychology, introspection, operant and classical conditioning, immediate conscious, objective measurement and lab experiments. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German psychologist who wanted to study and examine human immediate conscious experienceRead MoreFreud and Behaviourists Theories Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof the main theories constructed with aims at looking at the way our behaviour is, or isnt, controlled by our personality. The way I have decided to structure this essay is to firstly describe each theory separately. I will make my comparisons between the two theories and finally I will conclude with some criticisms aimed at each theory. Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) dedicated his life to developing his Psychoanalytic Theory. This theory comprises of several different Read MorePerspectives On Psychology And Evaluate Their Key Assumptions1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped by John Watson in America in the early 1900s, (Cullis, T1999). Behaviourists focus on external conditions, learning and experience and changing of environment, as factors which influence behaviour, rather than internal or mental processes. Behaviourists are interested in how organisms respond to a stimulus, (Cullis, T1999), and they use direct observation and laboratory experiments to collect their data. One behaviourist theory is classical conditioning, developed by Ivan Pavlov in 1902, McLeodRead MoreBenefits And Limitations Of A Physical Education Learning Theory1351 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive/constructivist perspective (Pissanos and Allison, 1993).Stemming largely from the work of Pavlov and Skinner, behaviourist learning is a widely known approach to learning (Jarvis, Holford and Griffin, 2003). Psychologist, John B. Watsonoriginated the theory of behaviourism. Watsons view on the theory was to only concern itself with the study of behaviour. Watson s work was based on the experiments of Ivan Pavlov, and classical conditioning. (Ausabel, 2012).It is believed that if a behavioural patternRead MoreLearning Theories : A Comparison Of Behavioral And Cognitive Views1163 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Theories: A Comparison of Behavioral and Cognitive Views Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claim

Analysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essays

Analysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost ?The Road Not Taken? (1916) tells of someone faced with two of life?s decisions however only one can be chosen. Whichever road is taken will be final and will determine the direction that their life takes. Frost drives this poem by a calm and collective narrative, spoken by the traveler of the diverged roads. Who is speaking with himself trying to convince himself of which road is the better choice. Frost wrote this poem using standard, modern language. In line one Frost introduces the diverging roads, which are his main metaphors. Diverging being the key word in this line because it suggests that the traveler must make a choice. Line two the speaker expresses his grief of not being†¦show more content†¦The exclamation point after line 13 conveys excitement, but that excitement is severed by his admission in the following lines. ?way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back?(3.14,15). In the final stanza, lines 16-20 the tone of the poem changes completely. This is the only stanza that begins with a new sentence, indicating that it is a stronger break from the previous ideas. The speaker puts himself in a future situation discussing his life. What he states here seems to contradict what he has said earlier. From his future prospective he says that the paths where different and that he did not choose the one most traveled by. Perhaps he will in the future actually believe this and he only wishes that he could choose in the present ?the one less traveled by.?(5.20) ?The Road Not Taken? was s tructured by Frost to form four quintains. The majority of the lines contain nine syllables. This structure is maintained through out the poem. The stanzas are arranged like that of a thought. One continues to undermine the other, much like decision making. Our first thoughts are always second-guessed by our second and so forth until we make our final decision, which cancels out all that was thought before. This is what Frost manages to do in the arrangement of his stanzas. Imagery is the primary concept of this work. The two roads are each described in such a way that the reader can easy picture theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing this poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Analysis1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, is a poem that has many meanings depending on the reader. The poem was published in 1916 and it is a very inter esting poem. It’s a fairly short poem consisting of only 20 lines, and it is full of metaphors and imagery and it has many ways that it can be interpreted. The poem’s use of imagery leaves the reader trying to figure out what Frost meant when he wrote the poem. Since it is a poem, it generally has no correct way to interpret it, but it usuallyRead MoreAnalysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesThesis Robert Frosts â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is more symbolic of a choice one must make in their life in attempt to foresee the outcome before reaching the end, than it is about choosing the right path in the woods. Describe the literal scene and situation. The literal scene of Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken, is described as a â€Å"yellowed wood† (Arp Johnson, 2009). Use of this description could be that fall is upon the wood or the trees perhaps once white have yellowed with age. Before theRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost: An Analysis811 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction On the surface of it, The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost presents a narrator who is remembering a journey through the woods, and the person making this journey came into a position where two roads were diverging. So the challenge presented in the poem is, which road should the narrator take, and why? Frost claimed that his poem was a parody of a poem by his friend, poet Edward Thomas, but others have had very different explanations for The Road NotRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost803 Words   |  4 Pages Poetry And I The poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost relates to my personal life because both the narrator and I had to make a decision. My decision was having to chose between playing volleyball or football in fifth grade. I thought about my previous experiences in both sports. I was a decent player in volleyball and I wanted to get the â€Å"All Sports Award† that our school awards to eighth graders who participated in all of the sports that St. Dominic offers; however, St. Dominic did not offerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1244 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler discovers a fork in the road, and after thorough examination of both paths in the â€Å"yellow wood† he chooses one to proceed on (1). The speaker intended to save the other road for another day of traveling; however, he knew that his path in life would drift far away, preventing him from ever returning to the other road. When the future arriv es, the speaker plans to tell of his travels, and alter the truth by explaining that the path he chose was lessRead MoreEssay Analysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost854 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Robert Frost poem ‘’The Road Not Taken’’ there is a pervasive and in many ways intrinsic sense of journey throughout. In such, the poem explores an aspect associated with human decision, or indecision, relative to the oxymoron, that choices with the least the difference should bear the most indifference, but realistically, carry the most difficulty. This is conveyed through the use of several pivotal techniques. Where the first such instance is the use of an extended metaphor, where the poemRead MoreAnalysis OfThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost1011 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, a renowned American poet, is regarded as one of the most influential and successful poets of the twentieth century. Frost’s popularity is derived most notably from the colloquial, descriptive language he uses in his poems and the impactful themes he portrays throughout them. The popularity of Frost’s poems also emerges from the interest that is sparked by his ability to â€Å"fool† the reader and hide the true meaning behind his words. One of the most acknowledged of Frost’s poems is â€Å"TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Gow Will Be The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1020 Words   |  5 Pagesand spiritual. So, the question is, does self-discovery only work within an individual or can it be influenced by others around us? Morning, teachers and fellow class mates. My prescribed related text to away by Michael gow will be the road not taken by Robert frost. Away explores the concept of self-discovery and transformation through the characters as they change. By encountering a physical journey, it provides the character with new perspective on life and an understanding attitude away fromRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helped

Helicopter Free Essays

string(56) " about the axis extending from blade root to blade tip\." hHelicopter Definition: A helicopter (or chopper, helo or whirlybird) is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land. We will write a custom essay sample on Helicopter or any similar topic only for you Order Now The capability to hover efficiently for extended periods of time allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot perform. The word helicopter is adapted from the French helicoptere, coined by Gustave de Ponton d’Amecourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek helix/helik- ( ) = â€Å"twisted, curved† and pteron ( ) = â€Å"wing†. Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters are also in widespread use, due to their better payload capacity. Quad rotor helicopters and other types of multicomputer have been developed for specialized applications. Uses Due to the operating characteristics of the helicopter—its ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover for extended periods of time, as well as the aircraft’s handling properties under low airspeed conditions—it has been chosen to conduct tasks that were previously not possible with other aircraft, or were time- or work-intensive to accomplish on the ground. Today, helicopter uses include transportation of people and cargo, military uses, construction, firefighting, search and rescue, tourism, medical transport, and aerial observation, among others. Sikorsky S-64 Sky crane lifting a prefab house Sikorsky S-76C+ air ambulance Bell 205 dropping water on fire HH-65 Dolphin demonstrating hoist rescue capability AgustaWestland Apache attack helicopter A helicopter used to carry loads connected to long cables or slings is called an aerial crane. Aerial cranes are used to place heavy equipment, like radio transmission towers and large air conditioning units, on the tops of tall buildings, or when an item must be raised up in a remote area, such as a radio tower raised on the top of a hill or mountain. Helicopters are used as aerial cranes in the logging industry to lift trees out of terrain where vehicles cannot travel and where environmental concerns prohibit the building of roads. These operations are referred to as logline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load. The most grand-scale single non-combat helicopter operation in history was the disaster management operation following the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Hundreds of pilots were involved in airdrop and observation missions, making dozens of sorties a day for several months. Helitack is the use of helicopters to combat wild land fires. The helicopters are used for aerial firefighting (or water bombing) and may be fitted with tanks or carry helibuckets. Helibuckets, such as the Bambi bucket, are usually filled by submerging the bucket into lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. Tanks fitted onto helicopters are filled from a hose while the helicopter is on the ground or water is siphoned from lakes or reservoirs through a hanging snorkel as the helicopter hovers over the water source. Helitack helicopters are also used to deliver firefighters, who rappel down to inaccessible areas, and to resupply firefighters. Common firefighting helicopters include variants of the Bell 205 and the Erickson S-64 Aircrane helitanker. Helicopters are used as air ambulances for emergency medical assistance in situations when an ambulance cannot easily or quickly reach the scene, or cannot transport the patient to a medical facility in time. Helicopters are also used when a patient needs to be transported between medical facilities and air transportation is the most practical method for the safety of the patient. Air ambulance helicopters are equipped to provide medical treatment to a patient while in flight. The use of helicopters as air ambulances is often referred to as MEDEVAC and patients are referred to as being â€Å"airlifted†, or â€Å"medevaced†. Police departments and other law enforcement agencies use helicopters to pursue suspects. Since helicopters can achieve a unique aerial view, they are often used in conjunction with police on the ground to report on suspects’ locations and movements. They are often mounted with lighting and heat-sensing equipment for night pursuits. Military forces use attack helicopters to conduct aerial attacks on ground targets. Such helicopters are mounted with missile launchers and miniguns. Transport helicopters are used to ferry troops and supplies where the lack of an airstrip would make transport via fixed-wing aircraft impossible. The use of transport helicopters to deliver troops as an attack force on an objective is referred to as Air Assault. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) helicopter systems of varying sizes are being developed by companies for military reconnaissance and surveillance duties. Naval forces also use helicopters equipped with dipping sonar for anti-submarine warfare, since they can operate from small ships. Oil companies charter helicopters to move workers and parts quickly to remote drilling sites located out to sea or in remote locations. The speed over boats makes the high operating cost of helicopters cost effective to ensure that oil platforms continue to flow. Various companies specialize in this type of operation. Other uses of helicopters include, but are not limited to: * Aerial photography * Motion picture photography Electronic news gathering * Reflection seismology * Search and Rescue * Tourism or recreation * Transport Design features Parts and functions The simple rotor of a Robinson R22 Robinson R44 rotor head The simple rotor of a  Robinson R22  showing (from the top): * The following are driven by the link rods from the rotating part of the  swash plate. * Pitch hinges, allowing the blades to twist about the axis extending from blade r oot to blade tip. You read "Helicopter" in category "Papers" * Teeter hinge, allowing one blade to rise vertically while the other falls vertically. This motion occurs whenever translational relative wind is present, or in response to a cyclic control input. * Scissor link and counterweight, carries the main shaft rotation down to the upper swash plate * Rubber covers protect moving and stationary shafts * Swash plates, transmitting cyclic and collective pitch to the blades (the top one rotates) * Three non-rotating control rods transmit pitch information to the lower swash plate * Main mast leading down to main  gearbox Safety Limitations HAL Dhruv  performing aerobatics during the  Royal International Air Tattoo  in 2008. Royal Australian Navy  Squirrelhelicopters during a display at the 2008 Melbourne Grand Prix The main limitation of the helicopter is its low speed. There are several reasons a helicopter cannot fly as fast as a fixed-wing aircraft. When the helicopter is hovering, the outer tips of the rotor travel at a speed determined by the length of the blade and the RPM. In a moving helicopter, however, the speed of the blades relative to the air depends on the speed of the helicopter as well as on their rotational velocity. The airspeed of the advancing rotor blade is much higher than that of the helicopter itself. It is possible for this blade to exceed the  speed of sound, and thus produce vastly increased drag and vibration. Because the advancing blade has higher airspeed than the retreating blade and generates a  dissymmetry of lift, rotor blades are designed to â€Å"flap†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ lift and twist in such a way that the advancing blade flaps up and develops a smaller angle of attack. Conversely, the retreating blade flaps down, develops a higher angle of attack, and generates more lift. At high speeds, the force on the rotors is such that they â€Å"flap† excessively and the retreating blade can reach too high an angle and stall. For this reason, the maximum safe forward airspeed of a helicopter is given a design rating called  VNE,  Velocity, Never Exceed. In addition it is possible for the helicopter to fly at an airspeed where an excessive amount of the retreating blade stalls, which results in high vibration, pitch -up, and roll into the retreating blade. During the closing years of the 20th century designers began working on  helicopter noise reduction. Urban communities have often expressed great dislike of noisy aircraft, and police and passenger helicopters can be unpopular. The redesigns followed the closure of some city heliports and government action to constrain flight paths in  national parks  and other places of natural beauty. Helicopters also vibrate; an unadjusted helicopter can easily vibrate so much that it will shake itself apart. To reduce vibration, all helicopters have rotor adjustments for height and weight. Blade height is adjusted by changing the pitch of the blade. Weight is adjusted by adding or removing weights on the rotor head and/or at the blade end caps. Most also have vibration dampers for height and pitch. Some also use mechanical feedback systems to sense and counter vibration. Usually the feedback system uses a mass as a â€Å"stable reference† and a linkage from the mass operates a flap to adjust the rotor’s  angle of attack  to counter the vibration. Adjustment is difficult in part because measurement of the vibration is hard, usually requiring sophisticated accelerometers mounted throughout the airframe and gearboxes. The most common blade vibration adjustment measurement system is to use a stroboscopic flash lamp, and observe painted markings or coloured reflectors on the underside of the rotor blades. The traditional low-tech system is to mount coloured chalk on the rotor tips, and see how they mark a linen sheet. Gearbox vibration most often requires a gearbox overhaul or replacement. Gearbox or drive train vibrations can be extremely harmful to a pilot. The most severe being pain, numbness, loss of tactile discrimination and dexterity. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ——————————————— —- ————————————————- ————————————————- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Helicopter Types Legend for â€Å"Category of Engines†: P – Piston Engine T -Turbine Engine NOTE:  This Chart is provided as a guide only. Manufacturer| Type Designator| Model| Number of Engin es| Minimum Crew Requirement| Aerospatiale-SNIAS Sud Aviation (See Eurocopter)| -| See Eurocopter| -| -| Agusta| A109| Agusta A109A, A109E, A109C, A109S| 2T| 1| | A119| Agusta A119, A119MKII| 1T| 1| | A139| Agusta AB139| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| Bell Helicopters| BH04| Iroquois (all model 204; 205; and CH-118; H-1 Series) 212S Eagle Single| 1T| 1| | BH06| Jet Ranger (all model 206; CH-136; H-58 series; Kiowa)| 1T| 1| | BH06T| Model 206 Twin| 2T| 1| | BH12| Bell 212 series (all CH135; H-1N series)| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | BH214| Bell 214 series (all models except 214ST)| 1T| 1| | BH22| Bell 222; 222B; 222U| 2T| 1| | BH23| Textron (Model 230)| 2T| 1| | BH41| Bell 412| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | BH47| Bell 47 series (all model 47 series; H-13; Ranger)| 1R| 1| | BH47T| Turbine powered BH47| 1T| 1| | BH407| Bell B407| 1T| 1| | BH427| Bell B427| 2T| 1| | B429| Bell 429| 2T| 1| BH430| Bell B430| 2T| 1| | BHST| Bell 214ST| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| Boeing (Vertol) Company Ltd. (new company name: Columbia Helicopters Inc. )| HV07| Labrador (all model 107; H-46; Seaknight)| 2T| 2| | HV34| Chinook (all model 114; H-47 series)| 2T| 2| | BV44| All model 42/44 (H-21 series)| 1P| 1| Brantly Helicopter Corp. HB42| HB-42| All model| 1R| 1| | HB43| All model 305| 1P| 1| Bristol| BR71| Sycamore 171| 1P| 1| Canadian Home Rotors Inc. | BABY| Safari (Baby Belle)| 1P| 1| Cessna Aircraft Co. | C1C| Skyhook (all models)| 1P| 1| Doman Helicopters Inc. | DM52| All model D-10B| 1T| 1| Eagle RD| HELCY| Helicycle| 1T| 1| Eurocopter (Includes Aerospatiale-SNIAS Sud Aviation and Messerschmidt)   | EC20| EC 120B| 1T| 1| | EC25| EC225 Super Puma| 2T| 2| | EC30| EC 130 B4 Astar (all models SA350 Series)| IT| 1| | EC35| EC 35| 2T| 1| | EC45| EC 145 / Bolkow-Blohm 117| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | EC55| EC 155B| 2T| 1| | MBK7| Bolkow-Blohm 117, EC 145| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | MBH5| MBB 105 (Messerschmidt -Bolkow-Blohm)| 2T| 1 VFR| | S313| Alouette II (SE313/3130)| 1T| 1| | S315| Alouette III Model 315| 1T| 1| | S316| Alouette III Model 316/3160| 1T| 1| | S318| Alouette II Model SA318| 1T| 1| | S319| Alouette III Model 319| 1T| 1| | S330| Puma all model SA330)| 2T| 1VFR 2 IFR| | S332| Super Puma (all model SA332)| 2T| 2| | S342| Gazelle (all model SA341 and 342)| 1T| 1| | S350| Astar (all model SA350 series)| 1T| 1| | S355| Twin Star (all model SA355 series)| 2T| 1| | S360| Dauphin (all model SA360 series)| 1T| 1| | S365| Dauphin (all model SA365 series)| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| Enstrom| EH28| Model F-28| 1P| 1| | EH48| Model 4 80| 1T| 1| Hiller Aircraft Division| HL11| All model FH-1100 (OH5A series)| 1T| 1| | HL12| All model UH-12 series (H-23 series)| 1P| 1| | HL2T| Turbine powered HH12| 1T| 1| | HL36| All model 360 series| 1P| 1| Kaman Aerospace Corp. HK12| K-1200| 1T| 1| Kamov| KA32| Kamov KA32| 2T| 1| Mcdonnell-Douglas Helicopters (formerly Hughes)| HU30| All model 269/300 series and Schweizer Model 300C| 1P| 1| | HU50| All model 369/500 series| 1T| 1| | HU52| Model 520N| 1T| 1| | HU60| Model 600N| 1T| 1| | EXPL| All models MD900| 2T| 1| Messerschmidt (See Eurocopter)| -| See Eurocopter| -| -| Mosquito  | MOZY| Mosquito XE| 1P| 1| Revolution Helicopter| M500| Revolution Mini 500| 1P| 1| Robinson Helicopter Co. | RH22| Robinson 22| 1P| 1| | RH44| Robinson Model R44| 1P| 1| RotorWay| ROTO| Executive, Scorpion| 1P| 1| | ROTOT| JetExec, Exec90 R162F| 1T| 1| Schweizer| HU33| Models 269D and 330SP| 1T| 1| Sikorsky Aircraft Division| SK51| All model S-51 series| 1P| 1| | SK55| All model S-55 series| 1P| 1| | SK55T| Turbine powered S55| 1T| 1| | SK58| All model S-58 series| 1P| 1| | SK58T| Turbine powered S58| 2T| 1| | SK61| All model S-61 series (HSS-2; CH-124; H-3; Sea King)| 2T| 2| | SK62| All model S-62 series| 1T| 1| | SK64| All model S-64 series| 2T| 2| | SK76| All model S-76 series| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | SK92| All model S-92 series| 2T| 2| Vertical Aviation Technologies| S52| VAT Hummingbird| 1P| 1| Example of helicopter design: Helicopter Technical Drawing How to cite Helicopter, Papers

Heparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHeparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs. Answer: Heparin is an anticoagulant medication. Anticoagulants are generally referred to as blood thinners and are used to prevent formation of blood clots. Blood clots could be caused by certain medical procedures. It is also used before surgery to minimise the risks of blood clots. Specifically, the drug is used to prevent and treat conditions such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism (Mulloy, Hogwood, Gray, Lever and Page, 2016). This assignment discusses heparin, nursing considerations for heparin, and APTT test and how it is conducted. Nursing considerations for heparin Close monitoring is necessary when dealing with heparin since it has a narrow therapeutic index. This means that small dose variations may lead to therapeutic failures or cause adverse drug reactions. Heparin could also pose an increased risk for bleeding hence the need for the nurse to be very careful. Another consideration that should be made is that there is potential for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. APTT test Activated Partial Thromboplastin Clotting Time is a test that is used to measure the time it takes for formation of a blood clot. In normal situation, some proteins form a blood clot when a blood vessel is injured or damaged. The aim of this test is to monitor this process to identify the blood clot formation is happening normally (Tripodi and Chantarangkul, 2017). The test procedure is as follows. Blood sample is put in a test tube that contains oxalate or citrate. Mixing and centrifugation follows. A plasma sample is obtained and placed in to measuring test tube. An excess of calcium in a suspension of phospholipid is added. Finally, an activator is added and the time it takes for coagulation to take place is recorded. The typical range of reference is between 30 and 50 seconds. References Mulloy, B., Hogwood, J., Gray, E., Lever, R., Page, C. P. (2016). Pharmacology of heparin and related drugs.Pharmacological reviews,68(1), 76-141. Tripodi, A., Chantarangkul, V. (2017). Lupus Anticoagulant Testing: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Silica Clotting Time (SCT). InHemostasis and Thrombosis (pp. 177-183). Humana Press, New York, NY.

Heparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHeparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs. Answer: Heparin is an anticoagulant medication. Anticoagulants are generally referred to as blood thinners and are used to prevent formation of blood clots. Blood clots could be caused by certain medical procedures. It is also used before surgery to minimise the risks of blood clots. Specifically, the drug is used to prevent and treat conditions such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism (Mulloy, Hogwood, Gray, Lever and Page, 2016). This assignment discusses heparin, nursing considerations for heparin, and APTT test and how it is conducted. Nursing considerations for heparin Close monitoring is necessary when dealing with heparin since it has a narrow therapeutic index. This means that small dose variations may lead to therapeutic failures or cause adverse drug reactions. Heparin could also pose an increased risk for bleeding hence the need for the nurse to be very careful. Another consideration that should be made is that there is potential for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. APTT test Activated Partial Thromboplastin Clotting Time is a test that is used to measure the time it takes for formation of a blood clot. In normal situation, some proteins form a blood clot when a blood vessel is injured or damaged. The aim of this test is to monitor this process to identify the blood clot formation is happening normally (Tripodi and Chantarangkul, 2017). The test procedure is as follows. Blood sample is put in a test tube that contains oxalate or citrate. Mixing and centrifugation follows. A plasma sample is obtained and placed in to measuring test tube. An excess of calcium in a suspension of phospholipid is added. Finally, an activator is added and the time it takes for coagulation to take place is recorded. The typical range of reference is between 30 and 50 seconds. References Mulloy, B., Hogwood, J., Gray, E., Lever, R., Page, C. P. (2016). Pharmacology of heparin and related drugs.Pharmacological reviews,68(1), 76-141. Tripodi, A., Chantarangkul, V. (2017). Lupus Anticoagulant Testing: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Silica Clotting Time (SCT). InHemostasis and Thrombosis (pp. 177-183). Humana Press, New York, NY.

In Othello, Shakespeare Explores The Relationship Between Words And Ev

In Othello, Shakespeare explores the relationship between words and events. Spoken thought, in the play, has all the power of action; speaking about an event will make that event become reality for those who hear - it will affect reality as if that event had taken place. Shakespeare demonstrates the power of words poignantly through Othello's monologues. Othello struggles with the reality that Iago creates for him. When Othello speaks, he reveals that he is unable to stop himself from carrying out acts that Iago's and his own words have prophesied and initiated. Othello's monologues further demonstrate that even the knowledge of the power of words cannot protect the characters from the consequences which the words demand. Speaking about an event is prophecy in Othello, but it is more than just an objective foretelling of the future. Words become the all powerful initiators of action, once spoken they cannot be counter-acted , they alone determine the course of the future. Othello's monologue before he murders Desdemona is an excellent passage to study Shakespeare's thesis of how words relate to action. 7 Put out the light, and then put out the light! 8 If I quench thee, thou flaming minister, 9 I can again thy former light restore 10 Should I repent me. But once put out thy light, 11 Thou cunning'st pattern of excelling nature, 12 I know not where is that Promethean heat 13 That can thy former light relume: when I have plucked the 14 rose 15 I cannot give it vital growth again, 16 It needs must wither. ? (Othello, 5.2.7-16, p. 306) Shakespeare sets the tone of the passage with one simple introductory line, "Put out the light, and then put out the light!" The line begins: "Put out the light," perhaps it is an imperative, perhaps it is a simple declaratory remark. Whatever the case, it was spoken, and the second part of the line "and then put out the light!" turns the simple statement into a chronological phenomenon with a specific message about thought and action. First an event is described and then it becomes reality by action. The brevity of the line emphasizes the straightforward and unbreakable relationship of words and action. Throughout the play there are numerous examples of words which become self-fulfilling prophecies for those who hear them. Barbantio's words in the first Act, "Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: / She has deceived her father, and may thee." (Othello, 1.3.293-294, p.154) become essential reality for Othello. The prophesy of the old Egyptian woman to Othello's mother in regards to the handkerchief Othello gave to Desdemona also becomes Othello's reality, even though Desdemona did not actually give it away. (Othello, 3.4.56-65, p.244) Finally Iago fulfills the prophecy of his own words, "I have't, it is engendered! Hell and night / Will bring this monstrous birth to the world's light." (Othello, 2.1.402-403, p.161) All of these instances fall into the pattern of words becoming essential realities as understood through "Put out the light, and the put out the light!" Even though there is a such a powerful statement about the inevitability of words leading to action at the beginning of the passage, there is doubt and hesitation following it directly. If Othello follows his own model in "Put out the light, and then put out the light!" then there should be no contemplation or questioning how he should act once the idea has been "engendered", to use Iago's phrasing. It is difficult to reconcile the next five lines of contemplating action to the bold statement in the first line; however I think there are some interesting supporting points which can be drawn from the next five lines. Firstly, while Othello does consider the abstract nature of what he is about to do, he never once gives voice to a thought of dissuasion. He fascinated by what he is about to do, attracted to it (perhaps the candle metaphor for killing Desdemona is itself a metaphor for Othello's moth-like attraction to the flame spoken ideas)- he moves towards his action fully conscious of the finality of his decision. Othello speaks of repenting when he talks of re-lighting the candle in only the vaguest terms, "Should I repent me." When he speaks of killing Desdemona his language becomes solid, "But once put out thy light, / Thou cunning'st pattern of excelling nature,." Here, Othello comes close to questioning his resolved course of action. Interestingly,

Juan Rodriguez C essays

Juan Rodriguez C essays The reputation of California as being a place to "jettison assumptions and try different things" appears to have originated from its earliest days. By reflecting on the individual who discovered San Diego, we see stamina, determination, and the desire to "continue on," "find success," and to maximize opportunities to their fullest. Back in the 1540s there was a Portuguese explorer and soldier by the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (?-1543). He was known as "a skilled mariner and navigator." Today, Cabrillo famous for being the man who "discovered San Diego Bay" on September 28, 1542. Within the definition of The California Dream, lay opportunities for success, however, there are many ingredients that factor into achieving this Dream. Being willing to accept opportunities, challenges, and ideas (such as Cabrillo accepted when given the command to explore the northwestern most part of Mexico ), the utilization of man-made and natural resources, and time and location, are just a few of the elements that are essential in defining the California Dream. The combination of these ingredients along with the determination for success and lack of fear-of-failure, can sometimes make The Dream-reality. FAMILY NAME APPARENTLY NOT A RESOURCE Cabrillo possessed the necessary ingredients for success. Believed to have been born in Portugal, though it is not certain where, he lived most of his life in the Spanish New World colonies. Dr. Joan Jensen, a member of the Cabrillo Historical Society and former professor of U.S. history at California Western University, visited Portugal twice to see if she could learn something about the birthplace of Cabrillo. The result of her guided two-week trek yielded some significant discoveries, "No one knows exactly where Cabrillo came from or where he got his name-were not able to find any other Cabrillo in Spain in the late 15th century or in Portugal either." Certain places...

Should we place condom machines on campus in the resident halls Essay

Should we place condom machines on campus in the resident halls - Essay Example College should be just as life is i.e. a matter of survival of the fittest. The best students will rise above the temptation to go out and party on Saturday night where there is an exam on Monday morning. The ones who do not and fall to the temptations that life has to offer will suffer accordingly. It is a simple matter to consider college to be a test for real life and putting condom machines in the residence hall may only serve as a part of the test. Of course, there is also a positive side to placing condoms in residence halls. The likelihood of students falling behind in class due to being absent as they treat any STDs or unwanted pregnancies is certainly reduced. Easy access to condoms would mean that prevention from such accidents could be provided to the individuals who engage in risky behavior. Thus, not only would the temptation be there for students to have sex and skip class and thus weed out those students who would rather not be at class, the issue of students missing class due to their sex life would also be largely eliminated. Undoubtedly, the moral brigade and religious fanatics might be up in arms about providing easy access to condoms for students. They may even suggest the course of advising students to ‘abstain’ and try to show that abstinence is the right way to go to prevent any problems but the reality of the matter is quite different. No matter what is said and done, students are going to have sex in college much as they have had sex since the first universities were formed. To try and prevent this simply by giving them lectures on abstinence or by removing their access to condoms is a fantastical idea. What can be done should be done and in this case, it simply becomes a matter of commonsense to encourage students to use condoms. It must be remembered that students are not being encourage to make their dorm rooms a scene from a Roman orgy but only to practice safe sex if and when they have it. To take away

IP 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

IP 2 - Essay Example Belief has only little evidences, which few people deem they are true whereby those who may express different opinion do so based on their life’s experiences. For instance, I may claim my significant other’s love towards me is evident on how she is not afraid to express it even in the public. However, this to some people may refer her as a showy character that is possessive and only out to scare other females from making attempts of approaching me. Therefore, the issue of love or affection in this case only emerges as a belief specifically held by very few people and me alone because it does not have adequate and concrete evidence that I can give but to justify. Since, people differ based on respective opinions on how one ought to express love because of likes and dislikes to the extent the conventional ways (holding hands in public) may not be acceptable to some. Despite the evidences outlined in the above regarding pieces of evidences, I still hold onto my former categorization of both knowledge and belief. This is because in the latter’s evidences comprise of individual experiences, mythology and observation whereby in the former two confirmations apply only to the person who has felt them can prove (Zalabardo, 2012). In most cases, those close or around him or her may end up not believing the experimenter because they are not sharing similar circumstances. In addition, it is quite tricky to prove an aspect of belief from an individual level like love and faith whereby even the observer contrary to knowledge may end up misinterpreting the relayed information. This is evident in the example that I have given above regarding publicly expressing love whereby some may term as either of the partners being possessive. This is because belief in most cases encompasses justifying by the convinced (Broeck & Brestoff,

United States And European Relations Research Paper

United States And European Relations - Research Paper Example They perceive that the source of terrorism lies in the economic, social and political discriminations that are prevalent on the southern seaside of the Mediterranean and as such can only be addressed through a broad structure that hits at the deepest causes of terrorism. During the time that the Soviet Union crumbled, the members of the European Union no longer saw possible North-South conflicts or nuclear threats. Instead, they saw various south-south conflicts and series of new transnational risks such as illegal trafficking of arms, drugs and even persons; terrorism connected to numerous religious issues; immigration. EU further believes that European security should be less focused on military conditions instead to social and political development of Mediterranean. In the United States, the FBI is a part of vast criminal justice machinery tasked with maintaining legal and political order. They deal with terrorism based on how they perceive acts related to it. According to the FBI , â€Å"Terrorist acts are intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum.†

The Art Of Modern Burlesque Drama Essay

The Art Of Modern Burlesque Drama Essay The meaning of burlesque has changed throughout its varied history; the earliest form of burlesque can be traced back to Chaucer and his story of Sir Thopas. This piece of writing had no rivals or predecessors at the time and the next form of burlesque was Shakespeare. The playwright John OKeefe is another early burlesque writer; his plays were light-hearted and mocked the upper classes, the operas and plays in a cheeky way. His plays were the foundation of the earliest burlesque shows in London. This form of burlesque is often confused with satire because of the use of humour however they are very different forms of entertainment. Satire is the schoolmaster attacking dishonesty with a whip, Burlesque is the rude boy attacking pomposity with a peashooter Unfortunately the original burlesque shows which were full of comedy and skits have died out; they were considered a very English form of entertainment as the English people were able to mock their upper classes without causing offence. In England burlesque continued to develop and with the introduction of the Music Halls in the 19th century the shows had a permanent home. It was when it went into the music halls that it changed format from a full length comedy play to a series of sketches. Unfortunately burlesque died out in England after the world wars. Simultaneously there was a form of burlesque evolving in America; the popularity dramatically increased in 1868 with the troupe the British Blondes. Their show included comedy sketches and parodies of plays performed by ladies in scanty costumes. By 1873 the parodies had disappeared and the show mainly comprised of dances and political satires. The modern image of burlesque started in the 1920s when the term became synonymous with the striptease. Carrie Finnell performed the first true striptease in 1917; she would take one garment off each night with the promise that she would take another item off in the next show. In this way she inspired the audience to come back to each show. In the 1920s the striptease became the main draw of the show with the variety acts and comedic performances that accompanied it seen as fillers. This view is still popular today. A major part of the modern burlesque show is the use of gimmicks, such as the giant props and over the top costumes; these gimmicks also have their roots in the burlesque shows of the 1920s. At that time there was a saying: Youve got to get a gimmick, if you want to get ahead The popularity of burlesque seems to be directly related with times of unrest and depression. Its popularity increased in the 1930s at the time of the depression, it rose again in the early millennium when the terrorism threat increased and it has become popular again with this latest recession. The main explanation for this is that in times of hardship people seek out cheap, sexy entertainment and burlesque fits this description. When burlesque returned to England it was in the form of the American variety shows with striptease. Historically the majority of burlesque performers are female; this is still the case although male performers are becoming more common. The modern female performers have a great respect for the performers of the past. Females become burlesque performers for a variety of reasons, for many women it is a way of expressing themselves in a way that they would never dream of doing in real life. Burlesque allows the performer to act out their own fantasies and embrace their sensuality. Many performers cite their desire to be a drag queen as the main reason for becoming involved in burlesque performance. When I started doing burlesque, I would tell people it was because I couldnt be a drag queen Many burlesque performances involve exaggerated femininity with the use of heavy make-up; false eyelashes and rhinestone covered costumes which are often associated with drag acts. The women who perform burlesque feel empowered on stage, they often feel like they are empowering the female audience by proudly displaying their body which doesnt necessarily conform to the medias idea of a desirable woman. Feeling sexy and powerful onstage and knowing that you are possibly Changing the way the world looks at you and others who look like you Is an incredibly rewarding by product of the burlesque experience Some female performers have negative experiences and there are some clubs which make the performer feel cheap and exploited by forcing them to expose more that they are comfortable with and to perform to please the male audiences. There are a lot of  ­burlesque clubs that are really oversexualized,  ­really horrible. And I think a lot of girls feel  ­pressured to strip. However these clubs are rare now but were more common in the early 1990s revival; unfortunately many people still hold this opinion of burlesque clubs. The comedy and variety sections of the show are overlooked by many people eager to criticise the whole movement. It is easy to assume that all burlesque performers are arrogant and natural exhibitionists; this is not the case for the majority of the performers and the amount of control they have over their acts gives them the confidence to perform. Like any woman, put me in the wrong light and its not good! I definitely have moments when I feel very hyper-aware of my body some of my stage positions could potentially be unflattering. So I do my own lighting. Being able to control the lighting of a show is a rare thing for a performer and unique to burlesque. The relationship between burlesque and feminism is a much discussed issue, the changing face of burlesque means some feminists are embracing it as a feminist movement and many performers feel they make a feminist statement when they perform. When looking into this it is important to understand the feminist point of view. To deny a womans sexuality is certainly to oppress her but to portray her as nothing but a sexual being is equally to oppress her This statement is undeniably true and some burlesque performers have felt exploited as sexual objects and nothing more; this is demonstrated in Laurie Pennys article in the Guardian. The feminist views on the burlesque striptease are very contradictory. Some feminists are completely against any form of sexual imagery or exhibitionism; Andrea Dworkin was outspoken in her views on sexual imagery. Women are reduced to sexually subordinate vile whores Many people consider the burlesque striptease as a form of subordination which only exists to entertain and fulfil the male fantasy. When arguing against this opinion it is important to acknowledge that the original performances did begin as a fulfilment of the male fantasy. When the burlesque girls began attracting male attention in the 1860s they were managed by men and therefore did not have much control over their acts. At that time the majority of the audience was male so the show was geared towards them. There is always going to be an aspect of the male fantasy in the performance because without it the whole movement would not have developed. The contrasting feminist opinion is that women are sexual beings and should be free to express their sexual desire and pleasures; there is a feminist movement which formed the Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce (FACT). This group has published essays that celebrate womens sexuality and have said: Yes, sexual abuse exists and, yes, some images do degrade, But this should not prevent women from being able to represent Their experience as sexual beings This statement is supportive of the burlesque performer as when they are performing they are expressing their sensuality. It is important to understand the difference between the burlesque striptease and stripping in strip clubs. Since they are both forms of stripping the boundaries are indistinct but there are definite differences. The strippers in a strip club will expose much more of their bodies and gyrate to please the audience; their performance changes and becomes more sexual with the tips they receive. A burlesque stripper has a routine, which has been rehearsed, and perfected, it does not alter with tips. A burlesque stripper will never take off all their clothes, their nipples and are never exposed and the performance is more about the tease and what the audience cannot see. A womans greatest asset is a mans imagination This quote was particularly true in the 1920s when many of the stripteases lasted fifteen minutes with the performer teasing the whole time. The acts are significantly shorter in the modern burlesque shows but the tease aspect has continued. Another important difference between strippers and burlesque performers is the costume. In burlesque the costumes are a huge attraction and add to the spectacle of the show. Many of the performers start in a corset; the attraction of the corset is that it emphasises the female form and adds to the exaggerated femininity of the performers. According to Michelle Baldwin a burlesque costume is designed to sparkle shine and flow in the spotlight they are therefore covered in beads, rhinestones and feathers. The more spectacular costumes will move and flow with the dancer so they are often made from a light fabric or covered in tassels. To add to the tease of the show the performers will wear several layers; the final layer consisting of decorated pasties and matching thong. In a strip club less emphasis is placed on the costume and more emphasis is placed on the condition of a dancers body and what men will find attractive. Its an unfortunate truth but the slimmer you are the more money you will make. You dont have to be fashion model skinny but you do have to be tight if you expect to make good money. I personally find that a combination of yoga and weight training is ideal for the kind of look that men like. The costumes in a strip club vary from club to club but a common costume is micro minis and Lycra. A major difference in the costumes of the burlesque performer and the stripper is that the majority of burlesque dancers customise and create their own costumes. They will buy a basic garment and attach the rhinestones and glitter themselves. The main reason for this is that a burlesque dancer will not make much money performing; they do it simply for the love of performing. The audiences of the new burlesque shows are different from the audiences of the early shows and strip shows s that it appeals to men and women. An important difference from earlier burlesque is that the audience is as likely to consist of women and gay men as the heterosexual men who comprised the traditional audience for such shows The new wave of burlesque epitomises the glamour of the past in a way that previous revivals didnt; this is one of the major attractions of the modern burlesque shows; the audience who attend many modern burlesque nights in clubs such as Volupte and The Pigalle Club are encouraged to dress up in vintage clothing. Another reason could be the amazing costumes and spectacle of the show as a whole. The female spectator also come to the show to see a woman who has the same body as them performing a striptease as it makes them feel better about themselves. It is so popular because the burlesque world embraces women off all shapes and sizes. Unfortunately there is a counterargument to this opinion; burlesques most famous face is Dita Von Teese. She has trained her waist to 16; visually she possesses every womanly attribute the media say is desirable; the small waist, porcelain skin and large breasts. She could be said to be consolidating the negative images constantly displayed to the publi c but in a different way to the emaciated models. However she is a strong public figure and her unique appearance encourages women to be individuals and express themselves to be happy. The increased number of female spectators could also be due to the messages behind the show; the performers bring current issues and politics into their shows and react on stage, one example of this is the show of the world famous *BOB*; in one of her shows she plays a voice over of every hurtful thing ever said to her and reacts to it in her performance. Images laced with humour are so much easier to ingest for a consuming public. The nature of the burlesque show means that the performers are able to express the issues they want to without worrying about what is appropriate. The question of whether burlesque can be feminist is complicated as there are so many different clubs that are managed in many different ways. It is difficult to ignore the feminist arguments about the negative objectification of women and some personal accounts do support them. Laurie Penny had a bad experience as a burlesque performer and was made to feel exploited and when Jacki Wilson was an audience member in a burlesque show she was left feeling vulnerable and unsettled. However there are a huge number of positive reactions when it comes to the performances. A lot of current performers believe they are feminist; they have this opinion because of the positive reaction from the female audience members; however a strong feminist would dispute this opinion citing that their objectification was negative. When fledgling performers are taught how to perform burlesque they are taught to enjoy their bodies and the spotlight and not how to please men. We were not taught to please men, we were taught to enjoy ourselves, to revel in our bodies, to enjoy our sexuality, the thrill of the tease and the sensation of being in the spotlight. This is a very significant quote as the thrill of the body and the tease is echoed by many performers. Another positive aspect of burlesque is that it doesnt discriminate against women who are curvy or short; the public are constantly bombarded with images of the size zero models, burlesque embraces all body types; the routines and lighting are all designed to make the performer feel comfortable in their own skin. This is a very important part of the movement as modern day women are made to feel inferior and ashamed of their bodies by exposure to the constant images of airbrushed, surgically enhanced models. Despite the passionate opinions of some feminists who believe burlesque to be a form of negative female objectification it is a mistake to view it in this way. Females are sexual beings should not be repressed or denied their freedom of expression; if they choose to express themselves by performing a striptease they should not be criticized. Burlesque performers are often wrongly associated with sex workers and prostitutes and there is a stigma attached to the name as a result of some of the seedy aspects of its past. Many critics of the movement have not witnessed a true burlesque performance and have a strong opinion that they are unwilling to change. A very clear example of this is seen in the interview conducted with Von Teese by Hannah Pool. Pool was very dismissive of burlesque stripping and would never set foot in a club as she felt the women who attended them let the side down. This is an incredibly narrow-minded and unacceptable argument; no one can criticize a movement so passionately without experiencing it first hand. Burlesque is growing in popularity; the glamour aspect of the movement is attracting a new audience who agree with the opinion that it is empowering. One of the major attractions is that the female audience members see a performer similar to themselves on stage. Unfortunately there are some clubs that are not respectful of their performers and make them feel exploited so there will always be people who oppose burlesque. However the true spirit of vintage burlesque is one that should not be opposed and should be enjoyed by men and women alike.

The Power of the Unconscious Essay -- Term Papers Research Essays

The Power of the Unconscious Have you ever experienced a time when you were wracking your brain trying to come up with a thesis statement for a paper, an answer to a math problem, or the title of your new poem? You spend countless hours only to end up where you began – at ground zero. You find that your brain is starting to ache from the excessive thinking and you decide to get your mind off of the problem. You focus your attention on something else, perhaps on getting some R&R and all of a sudden...AHA! The solution to your problem just pops into your head out of nowhere, almost as if it sneaked its way into your thoughts! You then find yourself wondering how this happened and what was responsible for such a reaction. The culprit of such "sneaky" reactions is a force known as the "unconscious." Rollo May, author of Courage to Create, defines the unconscious as "the potentialities for awareness or action which the individual cannot or will not actualize." What role do you think the "unconscious" plays in your life or is it really a major contributor to the birth of creative thought? Thinkers in fields ranging from psychoanalysis to business management all seem to agree that the mystical force of the unconscious plays a central role in the creative process and the emergence of new ideas. WHAT IS UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHT? Saying thank you in response to a good deed, looking both ways before crossing the street, smiling back at someone when they smile at you--actions such as these are said to be done subconsciously, meaning that they are performed without the realization that they are being done. The same idea applies when referring to unconscious thought. Unconscious thought is that in which we are not aware of what we are thi... ...le of conscious factors in one's creative thought process. Everyone has experienced the evolution of unconscious thoughts into consciousness. I'm sure you can recall a time when "the light bulb flickered on in your mind," your ideas just seemed to "click," or you had an epiphany. Had it not been for the unconscious being hard at work, Sir Isaac Newton may have never formulated his laws of physics, there would be no such thing as Calculus, or even math for that matter. The Unconscious brings about the emergence of creative thought. It can not only be thought of as a major contributor to new ideas but also to a greater cause—mankind. The role of the "unconscious" is essential to our being as it allows us to expand upon things with which we are already familiar, leading to innovative ideas. The "unconscious" is one of the most significant aspects of our daily lives.

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay

Frankenstein and blade runner essay Which text do you feel better represents the values of the composer? You must refer to both texts in detail Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner are two texts from different centuries, but they both share the same values, themes and issues including; the natural world, scientific advancement, morality of humans and responsibility. Both texts use a variety of techniques to represent their values, themes and issues. The techniques used in both texts are reflective of their context and are able to strongly represent the values of both Frankenstein and Blade Runner. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was written in 1818. This was a period where romanticism was developing, a time which focused on the sublimity of nature and on the individual. This theme is evident throughout the novel and is used to emphasise the emotions of the characters and to suggest the power of nature for both beauty and destruction. Shelley often uses the sublimity of nature as an invigorating device for victor, â€Å"when happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most delightful sensations. A serene sky and verdant fields filled me with ecstasy. The present season was indeed divine; the flowers of spring bloomed in the hedges, while those of summer were already in bud. † Vivid imagery is used here to illuminate the peacefulness and contemplation of the sublime nature that is constantly surrounding victor. Shelley has also illustrated this notion further by the use of alliteration, â€Å"serene sky†, to capture how perfect the world is at that time, which reinforces the peacefulness of nature and how victor feels when he is surrounded by the natural world. Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner is set in a corrupted 21st century world. Similarly to Frankenstein, the natural world is evident but in Blade Runner it is seen as the unnatural world. In the first panoramic shot, the audience sees a destroyed world, a dark industrial urban wasteland which is heavily polluted. Visual irony is created here as it is meant to be Los Angeles, which means â€Å"city of angels†, but we see that it looks more like hell. We see that nature has been destroyed. Animals are rare and are presumed extinct, although the unicorn is seen as a natural creature in a natural setting. The unicorn symbolises the ambiguity of hope, freedom and spirit. There is no sign of any trees or plants except for a miniature Bonsai tree symbolising mans inherent desire to control nature to conform to what humanity believes is a better version. We also see constant darkness and rain, which is known as film noir and are the only aspects the audience sees when in an outside scene. The panoramic shot and film noir speculate the natural is now off world, that there is nothing natural, which creates a post apocalyptic tone. Shelley’s world was moving forward into the direction of industrialisation, exploration and scientific research. This is conveyed through characters such as Victor, Walton and Clerval who are all searching, exploring and attempting to make a discovery. We see in the start of the book Victor has an interest for natural philosophy, â€Å"natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate. † The use of personification suggests that natural philosophy is a person that Victor idolises and wants to know everything he possibly can about it causing his interest to turn into an obsession. i became dizzy with immensity of the prospect which it illustrated, as surprised, that among so many men of genius who had directed their enquiries towards the same science, that i alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret. † This quote establishes that Victor is intelligent and is able to intellectually break barriers beyond those that have ever been broken an d discover the source of life. Hence, now being able to create his ‘monster’. Similarly in Scott’s film we see that 21st century L. A is all about scientific activity and advancements in technology. It is a world based on commerce, as we can see throughout the entire film through the blimp that promotes going off world and big wall signs i. e. the Asian lady taking pills. Technology is also used to detect what is and isn’t human i. e. the Voight Komph test. Disembodied voices are used on the street i. e. when crossing roads it says â€Å"walk† and â€Å"don’t walk†. All these aspects of technology are a way of controlling the population of L. A. Scientific activity is seen through Tyrell, a scientist, who is the creator of all replicant things i. e. humans and animals. â€Å"Commerce is our goal here and our motto is more human than human†, this quote was said by Tyrell and reflects on Tyrell’s attitude towards life. He takes the role of God, creating life trying to make the replicants smarter and stronger than real humans, feeling as though he is dominant over everyone else in the world. This is shown through upwards tilt of the camera on Tyrell’s building, making him appear larger and above everybody else. Victor Frankenstein does not truly contemplate of foresee the consequences of his scientific quest to create life, nor does he take the moral responsibility for his creation afterwards. Victor continually justifies why he refuses to take responsibility for his creation, which is solely because he doesn’t want to incriminate himself and be punished, although he stated â€Å" a new species would bless me as its create and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. This shows Victor’s lack of morality and reveals his ego through the use of unreliable narrator. Scott’s film raises concerns of scientific advancements and its lack of morality and responsibility for those it affects. Blade Runner represents its values through ambiguity. Blade Runner leaves it up to the viewer’s own judgement of morality and responsibility within the film. An example of this is through the use of cinematography in the scene where Deckard ‘retiresà ¢â‚¬â„¢ Zhora. Passersby walk past without showing any concern or emotion to what has happened. The lack of morality and responsibility arouses deep emotions of anger and dislike. Scott is not as assertive in representing his values as Shelley is. Through the use of camera shots, cinematography and irony he easily represents his values but through the use of ambiguity he leaves things for interpretation from the viewers. Due to the ambiguity present in Blade Runner, some viewers may be unable to identify the values that are present, so therefore the values stated in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein are better represented.

Synthesis of The Catcher in the Rye and Book Banning in Universities

Synthesis of The Catcher in the Rye and Book Banning in Universities Free Online Research Papers Throughout the novel The Catcher In The Rye, Holden Caulfield seems to be banning adulthood. In today’s society people often ban concepts that they do not agree with, however I believe that Salinger’s novel tells life stories that hold significant values and morals. I find that society has a way of overruling one’s own ethics by deciding what should be read. The Catcher In The Rye was banned for the various themes that congregate all through the novel. I found two themes that clearly intermingled through the story. Holden had a problem in dealing with anything that was sex related, which in turn lead to Holden’s alienation from society. Censoring and banning reading materials to me seems extremely immoral for society institutions because it its taking away the American people’s freedom of speech. In the article written by Stanley Fish, â€Å"There’s No Such Thing as Free Speech, and It’s a Good Thing, Too†, he writes that there is no such thing as free speech. Fish then goes and backs this up by talking about the first amendment. The Amendment prohibits the United States Congress from making any laws that would violate upon our freed of speech. I find that censorship in an encroachment on the freedom of speech, because it is suppression against communication between the author of the material and the reader. In the article â€Å"The Betrayal of Liberty on America’s Campuses,† written by Alan Charles Kors, there is an annoyance expressed over the censoring of expressions and speech in colleges that is labeled as being politically incorrect. Kors sees that the universities view the censoring as viewing all individuals being affronted equally. In Salinger’s novel, there is a lot of â€Å"sexual expressionism† throughout the storyline; I see this as one of the reason that it would be banned from Universities around the time it was published, due to the high sensitivity we have in the American public about freedom to express one’s self sexually. Holden admits in chapter nine that â€Å"sex is something I just don’t understand. I swear to God I don’t† (page 63). In that quote I find Holden trying to express his lack of knowledge in something that leads in to adulthood. Holden’s misunderstanding is holding him back from journeying into the realm of adult; he holds this as alienation towards society. Towards the end of the novel; the reader sees Holden explaining to his sister Phoebe what he wants to be â€Å"the catcher in the rye.† He over hears a child sing a song and misinterprets what the song really is saying. From this Holden had decided that he wants to be â€Å"the catcher† in the rye; who saves the children from falling out of innocence and into the knowledge of the adult world. I see a parallel in this part of the story and the banning of books in universities. University campuses think that it is within their right to say what is appropriate for students to read. I do not see how it is morally right for a college to breach on one’s First Amendments ability in Free speech. Universities have an obligation in protecting their students from what they believe to be immorally wrong in viewing; but they need to consider the students First Amendment rights in their freedom toward speech. Works cited: Salinger, J. D. The Catcher In The Rye. New York: Bantom Books, 1951. Research Papers on Synthesis of The Catcher in the Rye and Book Banning in UniversitiesBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Free Essays on Operations Management

Seagate Technology is a leading provider of technology and products allowing people to store, access, and manage information. The company is the world’s largest manufacturer of disc drives, magnetic discs, and read-write heads. In addition, they are the leading developer of business intelligence software. With increasingly valuable role storage is playing in the computer industry and across the internet, Seagate continues to drive new solutions for this important market, which also includes the burgeoning opportunity for storage-centric consumer devices such as digital video recorders and internet TV. Seagate employs approximately 60,000 people worldwide and can be found around the globe. Their offices are located in Malaysia, Singapore, Northern Ireland, Thailand, and the USA. Seagate supplies their products and services to many companies in the computer and financial industry such as IBM, Compaq, Prudential Securities, and Bear Stearns. Their standards include the ISO certification, which is a registration to an internal standard for quality whose requirements are aimed at achieving customer satisfaction by preventing nonconformity at all, stages from design through servicing (seagate.com). ISO9000 certification is sought to demonstrate capability to Seagate’s customers and it’s mechanism for internal improvement. Seagate’s website (www.seagate.com) offers customers a convenient way to purchase products and view the latest innovative products in technology. Additionally, Seagate.com offers the latest company news and quarterly reports (seagate.com). It is clear that in order for Seagate to succeed in the market place today, they must have a website. Seagate.com continues to find ways for customers to have a close look at their company profile and purchase products quickly and effectively. Like most companies, the goal for Seagate’s operations management team is to create value for their customer (Russell 5). The ... Free Essays on Operations Management Free Essays on Operations Management Seagate Technology is a leading provider of technology and products allowing people to store, access, and manage information. The company is the world’s largest manufacturer of disc drives, magnetic discs, and read-write heads. In addition, they are the leading developer of business intelligence software. With increasingly valuable role storage is playing in the computer industry and across the internet, Seagate continues to drive new solutions for this important market, which also includes the burgeoning opportunity for storage-centric consumer devices such as digital video recorders and internet TV. Seagate employs approximately 60,000 people worldwide and can be found around the globe. Their offices are located in Malaysia, Singapore, Northern Ireland, Thailand, and the USA. Seagate supplies their products and services to many companies in the computer and financial industry such as IBM, Compaq, Prudential Securities, and Bear Stearns. Their standards include the ISO certification, which is a registration to an internal standard for quality whose requirements are aimed at achieving customer satisfaction by preventing nonconformity at all, stages from design through servicing (seagate.com). ISO9000 certification is sought to demonstrate capability to Seagate’s customers and it’s mechanism for internal improvement. Seagate’s website (www.seagate.com) offers customers a convenient way to purchase products and view the latest innovative products in technology. Additionally, Seagate.com offers the latest company news and quarterly reports (seagate.com). It is clear that in order for Seagate to succeed in the market place today, they must have a website. Seagate.com continues to find ways for customers to have a close look at their company profile and purchase products quickly and effectively. Like most companies, the goal for Seagate’s operations management team is to create value for their customer (Russell 5). The ... Free Essays on Operations Management OPERATION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT All organizations have operations.† A manufacturing company may conduct operations in a foundry, mill, or factory. Our interest is in the management of operations, or operations management (OM), including the usual management cycle of planning, implementing, and monitoring/controlling. The driving force for OM must be an overriding goal of continually improving service to customers, where customer means the next process as well as the final, external user.  § Since there is an operation element in every function of the enterprise, all people in all jobs in every department of the organization should team up for improvement of there own operations management elements. Teaming Up with Customers What happens when suppliers and customer are disconnected? Consider design work, for example. Whether we speak of goods or services, time- and distance separation in the supplier-customer connection invites trouble. Question: â€Å"What’s your Job?† Question: â€Å"But isn’t your job to serve the customer?† In grocery stores, where the supplier-relationship is immediate, the operations manager system is hard pressed to maintain a customer focus. The customer is the next process, or where the work goes next. A buyer’s customer is the associate in the department to whom the purchased item goes; a cost accountant’s customer is the manager who uses the accounting operations-where the design will be produced or the service provided. It is also clear that throughout the organization, people not only have customers, they are customers. Let’s turn our attention to what customers want. A Short List of Basic Customer Wants The requirement is a recipient’s or customer’s view of a good or service. A close partnership with the customer’s actual requirements. A close partnership with the customer helps create good specifications, increasing the supplier’s ability to f ulfill the customer’s needs. What else d...

Human Resource Management (case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management (case study) - Essay Example Moreover, the furniture will be standardized and customer’s requirements will not be met because it can probably increase the cost. However, the company is not in a position to cope up with any unplanned change because it can’t afford any changes in the production process and the design of product due to the excessive cost of implementing the changes. Question 2: Based on your evaluation of the strategy approached by each organization what would be the most likely HR strategy? Answer: The working conditions and job descriptions will be fixed and rigid. The job descriptions will cover clearly defined tasks and responsibilities with no room for flexibility. The job duties will give little or no room for career progression to the employees because the tasks will require specialization in one specific area and the employees will not be able to learn new skills and abilities. The chances for training and development are extremely limited because the furniture is manufactured on basic standards which don’t require updating the skills. As a result, the performance appraisal will be done on efficiency and effectiveness of the employees. In other words, the employees will be evaluated on the quantity of items produced irrespective of quality. The wages of front line employees will be based on number of items produced each hour and bonus/rewards can be expected on overproduction. The salary structure of the employees will be competitive and company will pay at/below the industry standards. Efforts will be made to recruit cheap labors and the jobs of highly paid workers will be unsecured so that cost can be minimized and the supervisors will ensure that labor productivity is enhanced and employees don’t sit idle. Overall, a short term profit making approach is adopted. Question 3: Is this approach of linking Porter’s competitive strategy to HR strategy has its limitations? Evaluate what you consider these limitations can be. Answer: the porter’s competitive strategy is very generic and its approach is very limited and narrow. Porter says that the company should follow only one strategy at a time so that it doesn’t lose focus. On one hand, Benchill & Sons uses tight cost control to reduce prices but on the other hand, it needs to change its policies with the changing trends in the market and the economy. For e.g. the company can go for technological advancement or may be it can purchase raw materials form cheap countries like china or India, in order to reduce cost. However, this approach is very practical for non-profit organizations because their sources are limited but for benevolent owners this approach is not good for the reputation of the company. On the other hand, for profit making companies, the background of entrepreneur, the nature of industry, competitors, buying patterns of customers, technology and minimum standards set by ISO are important factors to consider before adopting any competit ive strategy. The best employment practice is to ensure better utilization of resources while not exploiting the workers, maintaining a fair quality standard and using relationship marketing approach to ensure repeat sales in order to beat the competitors. SPEKE FURNISHINGS Question 1: evaluate which of the Porter’

Advertising and promotions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertising and promotions - Essay Example Two companies, Burger King and Victoria's Secrets use advertising and promotion as the main tools of marketing mix. Following Armstrong and Kotler (2000) advertising is more effective in attracting new customers than in retaining present customers. Thus, the companies have to find ways and methods to influence and persuade present customers buy and use their services and products.Christmas campaign launched by Victoria's Secrets was aimed to inform potential buyers about price reductions and invectives, new products and services proposed by the company. Advertising campaign was aimed to result in high response. To get the message, different types of media were used to attract target audience. Sunday newspapers and color supplements were invariably passed around the family for reading (McDonald and Christopher 2003). Advertising in a national business journals and entertainment magazines was an effective technique. Web banners and press advertisements were the main medium used during Christmas time. This marketing communications were selected to appeal to certain segments of the market. Since markets were also becoming more complex with an increasing number of groups and segments, specialized rather than national communication was required. This splintering of markets made it increasingly difficult to communicate with "total markets." For Victoria's Secrets, the effectiveness of marketing communications increased as the appeals approach an individual's predisposition, and the better the correspondence between them, the more likely it was that the exposure to advertising produced the desired action. From the consumer's standpoint, advertising informed and persuaded. It furnished information, called attention to some clues and not others, changed attitudes and opinions, related products to consumer need, gave consumers support for their decisions, affected the intensity of desires, and thereby generated action (Wells et al 2005). The promotion campaigns launched by Burger King in 2007 were reminder campaigns. The uniqueness of all advertising campaigns is that Burger King used the Simpsons Movie as the main tool pf promotion. The company produced a commercial with Simpsons popularizing Burger King's trade mark. The main mediums selected for promotion were TV and the Internet. For Burger King, promotion spurs the development of new target market, and leads to improved quality and service. Advertising gives the consumer greater choice and imposes downward pressure on prices (Lance and Woll 2006). "On-line type of promotion" has become the most popular one because it's major advantage in that it is featured at the location where many of the final decisions and actual purchases are made. Burger King used images of the Simpsons promoted through the website. Techniques used here include: temporary price reductions; extra value offers, including offers relating to future purchase; premium offers (incentives). This c ampaign also helped to create and maintain marketing systems. It fostered interfirm coordination and linkages of manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. For the marketing task was not complete with the sale of the product; satisfied customers has to be retained. Reaffirmation of consumer choice, a postsale activity, was important. Continued advertising after a purchase gave the customer public acknowledgment of his wise choice, and tends to eliminate or reduce cognitive dissonance. The Simpsons campaign showed that the customer was reassured and resold. Repeat business was the avenue to continued success, and postsale advertising often the course to repeat business (Labarbera et al 1998). In general, advertising should lead consumers to believe ads, to know companies and brands, to progress from product attention to a sale, or to change images, habits, and preferences, but the companies cannot easily determine how well the job is being done. To assess advertising impact, companies like Burger King and Victoria's Secrets require better specification of objectives and

Factors Influencing the Increase in Temporary Employment Essay

Factors Influencing the Increase in Temporary Employment - Essay Example Temporary employees subsume all forms of non-standard or contingent employment, including part time and contract workers. Originating early in the 1980s, temporary employment has been on a constant rise not just in the United States, but across Europe and the developed world (Hardy and Walker, 2003 p.141) According to the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the growth in temporary employment through the 1990s was dramatic (Golden And Appelbaum 1992 p.473). A survey carried out late in the 1990s indicated that approximately 90% of U.S business and about 95% of the Fortune 500 firms employed temporary employees or used the services of temporary employment agencies. This rise in the demand and supply of temporary employment is unprecedented. Though, temporary employment used to be restricted to clerical and office jobs, its growth has now encompassed almost every job type. Areas that have witnessed raid increase in temporary employment includes professional, services and technological corporations. However, companies use temporary employees to fill vacancies caused by employee absentee, special assignments, seasonal work increases and temporary workers shortages. In addition, employers often make use of temporary employee to fill staff vacancies when they do not intend to increase the ir staff strength (Temporary Employment, 2005). The first te... employers often make use of temporary employee to fill staff vacancies when they do not intend to increase their staff strength (Temporary Employment, 2005). Background of problem: The first temporary employment firms began operations in the 1940s. It was not until the 1980s and 1990s, however, that temporary employment grew rapidly. Annual average temporary employment grew from 340,000 in 1978 to 695,000 by 1985, increasing three times faster than total service sector employment and eight times faster than total nonagricultural employment. The temporary employment industry experienced its most explosive growth in the early 1990s, expanding by an average of 17 percent a year. Annual average temporary employment rose to 2.2 million workers by 1996 and to nearly 2.8 million by 1998 with an annual growth rate of about 9 percent. Between 1992 and 1998, 18.4 million non-agricultural jobs were added to the U.S. economy. Temporary employment accounted for 1.4 million of these jobs, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The BLS predicts that the temporary employment will increase by 53 percent by 2006, making it one of the most rapidly expanding indu stries. Overall, temporary employment accounts for about 2 percent of the country's employment. In the late 1990s, temporary employment agencies began investing greater more in training employees for their assignments. A NATSS survey from 1998 reported that temporary employment agencies spent $720 million on training 1997, in contrast to only $260 million in 1995. The survey also indicated that 4.8 million workers participated in the training programs and that about 90 percent of all temporary employment agencies provide training for free. Statement of the problem: This section of the research put the

Han Chinese Essay Example for Free

Han Chinese Essay I. Introductory Paragraph Although Han China and Rome shared the same attitudes regarding the importance of public works, with China devising the flood prevention system, and Rome creating the indispensable aqueducts, they had completely opposing views concerning tools used for crafts, with the Roman upper-class viewing such tools as demeaning and the Han China upper-class approving and encouraging such tools, especially after the invention of the mortar and pestle. II. Importance for Public Works A.Water seems to have been the main theme in both Roman and Chinese culture B. Chinese devised an elaborate flood prevention system, and a water-powered blowing-engine and Romans created the aqueducts. C.Romans also had a superb military, which led to the construction of the roads, and the necessity of a courier system. III. Roman views on tools A.Cicero considers crafts as a means of earning a living unsuitable. B.He considers physical labor as beneath and thinks non-material ideas such as language and education are superior. C.The Roman upper-class is of the opinion that tools are not something important and will not benefit the Romans (especially the upper-class) in any way. IV. Han Chinese views on tools A.The lower class, before the first century B.C.E., was allowed to make their own tools, and thus produced excellent tools. After the state â€Å"took over,† the tools made were of inferior quality. B.The document written was written by a government official, which suggests that some people in the government do not approve of the government interference and wish for the older days. C.Around 20 C.E., tools were definitely encouraged in Han China, especially after the invention of the mortar and pestle. V. Conclusion Perhaps, with the inclusion of the views of the lower-class people in both Roman and Chinese documents, it would better help strengthen or weaken the argument regarding the different views concerning tools.

Electoral systems in the UK and US

Electoral systems in the UK and US The United States of America and Great Britain have a lot of in common but the same times have a number of differences. The electoral systems of the UK and the US differ a lot. The United Kingdom uses different electoral systems and among them we could mention.  First Past the Post, which is used for the whole national elections and also when the local government is elected in England and Wales (earlier it was used in Scotland too). Additional Member System was invented after submission of the regional devolution in 1999 for the Scottish Parliament, Welsh meeting and London meeting.   It is rather modern invention, which was undertaken after electoral system reform.   Single Transferable Vote system is used for the election into the Assembly of the Northern Ireland and also is used for the Local administration.  Party Lists are used for the elections to the European Parliament and that is also rather modern invention and applied as the UK is the member of the European Union. And finally, Supplementary Vote, is used for the mayors election in the different cities, for example London. We see that the electoral system of the United Kingdom is rather complicated and strongly depends on the territorial division of the country. It should be noted that the United States is also dependent on the territorial division and each state has its constitutional and the elections to the local governmental organs are held due the legislation of the each state. But if we speak about electoral system globally we should mention about the Primaries, which are used for the President elections. This the first type of the election, when one candidate from the party is elected. Between the chosen candidates the general election is held and the core idea of the Primaries is in the fact that candidates from different parties should not take the votes of each other on the main elections, as their electorate is quite the same target group. Sometimes those who have lost the primaries took part in the president elections, but as independent candidates, without support of their party. Primaries could be opened, when everyone could take part in the elections and closed, when the members of the party, holding the primaries, could vote. The Primaries are the core peculiarity of the United States electoral system. It should be noted that a number of states refused from primary use of the Primaries. The different system are used for counting the votes and different schemes. A number of southern states have a tradition to support the candidate, which would take the arithmetic majority of the votes. In southern states the break between the winner and the nearest competitors. It should be noted that the both systems differ a lot and the United Kingdom has developed the electoral systems suitable for their political structure and the United States for theirs. I think that the core role in the difference between these states is that they have different political structure and this causes so severe difference in their electoral structure.   References: Michael Thrasher and Colin Rallings. British Electoral Facts. W. Wormell:London,UK, 2010 Bibby, John, and Holbrook, Thomas. Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, 8th Edition. Ed. Virginia Gray and Russell L. Hanson.WashingtonD.C.: CQ Press, p. 62-100. 2004