Comparison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson - 978 Words

In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulus would be put together with an excitatory one and over time the neutral stimulus would, at some point down the line elicit the response that was associated with the original unlearned response. Pavlov later added an element known as the nonexcitatory, conditioned stimulus which is but together with an unconditioned stimulus (Lautenheiser 1999). Classic Conditioning can also be known as stimulus response, conditioned response, respondent condition as these are the behaviors that take place du ring the Classical Conditioning. There are two basic forms of associative conditioning, classical and operant. Both Ivan Pavlov and John Watson were the first contributors to these behaviorist theories. Ivan Pavlov’s theory came about by working a dog and John Watson worked his classical conditioning with humans. John B. Watson thought that psychology should be known as the science of observable behavior because according to his writings â€Å"purely objective experimental branch of naturalShow MoreRelatedWatson and Rayner’s Classical Study with Llittle Albert Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesIn the following essay I will be looking into the study conducted by Watson and Rayner (1920) on a small child known as ‘Little Albert’. The experiment was an adaptation of earlier studies on classical conditioning of stimulus response, one most common by Ivan Pavlov, depicting the conditioning of stimulus response in dogs. Watson and Rayner aimed to teach Albert t o become fearful of a placid white rat, via the use of stimulus associations, testing Pavlov’s earlier theory of classical conditioningRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate the Behaviourist Approach in Psychology1536 Words   |  7 PagesApproach The basic assumption of the behaviourist approach is that all behaviour is learned through experiences a person has in their environment. From this we know that behaviourists are on the side of nature in the â€Å"nature vs. nurture† debate. In comparison bio psychologists will be firmly on the side of nurture. There is also the argument between behaviourists to whether behaviour is learnt better through positive or negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is when someone does somethingRead MoreBehavioral Approach And Consistent Misunderstanding And Devaluation1344 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavioral perspective in early childhood. In the conclusion of this paper, we assert that behaviorism is the most pragmatic and functional of the modern psychological ideologies and described both development and learning. The three theorists: Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner summarizes the behaviorist theory in different ways and in this paper; it will provide details of the theorist definition of behaviorism. Keywords: behaviorism, theory, early childhood, adolescence, and development Read MoreThe Behavioral Theory Of Classical Conditioning And The Cognitive Theory1194 Words   |  5 Pagesthe two theories assumptions, measurements of learning, and its implications to the field. Classical Conditioning and Social Cognitive Classical Conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov in 1903. This theory is also known as the respondent conditioning (Olson and Fazio, 2001). Pavlov became well-known for this theory through his series of dog experiments that tested the connection the dogs made with the ringing of the bell and its relation with food (Ormrod, 2012). This is usedRead More The Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology Behavioral Psychology Defined John Watson wrote a paper in the Psychological Review in 1913 and defined behavioral psychology or behaviorism as †¦a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselvesRead MoreThe Father Of Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt ( 1832-1920 ) And The Founder Of Behaviourism John1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe father of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) and the founder of behaviourism John. B Watson both have opposing and corresponding views on psychology. In this essay I will compare and contrast both concepts which will include experimental psychology, introspection, operant and classical conditioning, immediate conscious, objective measurement and lab experiments. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German psychologist who wanted to study and examine human immediate conscious experienceRead MoreFreud and Behaviourists Theories Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof the main theories constructed with aims at looking at the way our behaviour is, or isnt, controlled by our personality. The way I have decided to structure this essay is to firstly describe each theory separately. I will make my comparisons between the two theories and finally I will conclude with some criticisms aimed at each theory. Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) dedicated his life to developing his Psychoanalytic Theory. This theory comprises of several different Read MorePerspectives On Psychology And Evaluate Their Key Assumptions1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped by John Watson in America in the early 1900s, (Cullis, T1999). Behaviourists focus on external conditions, learning and experience and changing of environment, as factors which influence behaviour, rather than internal or mental processes. Behaviourists are interested in how organisms respond to a stimulus, (Cullis, T1999), and they use direct observation and laboratory experiments to collect their data. One behaviourist theory is classical conditioning, developed by Ivan Pavlov in 1902, McLeodRead MoreBenefits And Limitations Of A Physical Education Learning Theory1351 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive/constructivist perspective (Pissanos and Allison, 1993).Stemming largely from the work of Pavlov and Skinner, behaviourist learning is a widely known approach to learning (Jarvis, Holford and Griffin, 2003). Psychologist, John B. Watsonoriginated the theory of behaviourism. Watsons view on the theory was to only concern itself with the study of behaviour. Watson s work was based on the experiments of Ivan Pavlov, and classical conditioning. (Ausabel, 2012).It is believed that if a behavioural patternRead MoreLearning Theories : A Comparison Of Behavioral And Cognitive Views1163 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Theories: A Comparison of Behavioral and Cognitive Views Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claim

Analysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essays

Analysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost ?The Road Not Taken? (1916) tells of someone faced with two of life?s decisions however only one can be chosen. Whichever road is taken will be final and will determine the direction that their life takes. Frost drives this poem by a calm and collective narrative, spoken by the traveler of the diverged roads. Who is speaking with himself trying to convince himself of which road is the better choice. Frost wrote this poem using standard, modern language. In line one Frost introduces the diverging roads, which are his main metaphors. Diverging being the key word in this line because it suggests that the traveler must make a choice. Line two the speaker expresses his grief of not being†¦show more content†¦The exclamation point after line 13 conveys excitement, but that excitement is severed by his admission in the following lines. ?way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back?(3.14,15). In the final stanza, lines 16-20 the tone of the poem changes completely. This is the only stanza that begins with a new sentence, indicating that it is a stronger break from the previous ideas. The speaker puts himself in a future situation discussing his life. What he states here seems to contradict what he has said earlier. From his future prospective he says that the paths where different and that he did not choose the one most traveled by. Perhaps he will in the future actually believe this and he only wishes that he could choose in the present ?the one less traveled by.?(5.20) ?The Road Not Taken? was s tructured by Frost to form four quintains. The majority of the lines contain nine syllables. This structure is maintained through out the poem. The stanzas are arranged like that of a thought. One continues to undermine the other, much like decision making. Our first thoughts are always second-guessed by our second and so forth until we make our final decision, which cancels out all that was thought before. This is what Frost manages to do in the arrangement of his stanzas. Imagery is the primary concept of this work. The two roads are each described in such a way that the reader can easy picture theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing this poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Analysis1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, is a poem that has many meanings depending on the reader. The poem was published in 1916 and it is a very inter esting poem. It’s a fairly short poem consisting of only 20 lines, and it is full of metaphors and imagery and it has many ways that it can be interpreted. The poem’s use of imagery leaves the reader trying to figure out what Frost meant when he wrote the poem. Since it is a poem, it generally has no correct way to interpret it, but it usuallyRead MoreAnalysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesThesis Robert Frosts â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is more symbolic of a choice one must make in their life in attempt to foresee the outcome before reaching the end, than it is about choosing the right path in the woods. Describe the literal scene and situation. The literal scene of Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken, is described as a â€Å"yellowed wood† (Arp Johnson, 2009). Use of this description could be that fall is upon the wood or the trees perhaps once white have yellowed with age. Before theRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost: An Analysis811 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction On the surface of it, The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost presents a narrator who is remembering a journey through the woods, and the person making this journey came into a position where two roads were diverging. So the challenge presented in the poem is, which road should the narrator take, and why? Frost claimed that his poem was a parody of a poem by his friend, poet Edward Thomas, but others have had very different explanations for The Road NotRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost803 Words   |  4 Pages Poetry And I The poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost relates to my personal life because both the narrator and I had to make a decision. My decision was having to chose between playing volleyball or football in fifth grade. I thought about my previous experiences in both sports. I was a decent player in volleyball and I wanted to get the â€Å"All Sports Award† that our school awards to eighth graders who participated in all of the sports that St. Dominic offers; however, St. Dominic did not offerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1244 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler discovers a fork in the road, and after thorough examination of both paths in the â€Å"yellow wood† he chooses one to proceed on (1). The speaker intended to save the other road for another day of traveling; however, he knew that his path in life would drift far away, preventing him from ever returning to the other road. When the future arriv es, the speaker plans to tell of his travels, and alter the truth by explaining that the path he chose was lessRead MoreEssay Analysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost854 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Robert Frost poem ‘’The Road Not Taken’’ there is a pervasive and in many ways intrinsic sense of journey throughout. In such, the poem explores an aspect associated with human decision, or indecision, relative to the oxymoron, that choices with the least the difference should bear the most indifference, but realistically, carry the most difficulty. This is conveyed through the use of several pivotal techniques. Where the first such instance is the use of an extended metaphor, where the poemRead MoreAnalysis OfThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost1011 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, a renowned American poet, is regarded as one of the most influential and successful poets of the twentieth century. Frost’s popularity is derived most notably from the colloquial, descriptive language he uses in his poems and the impactful themes he portrays throughout them. The popularity of Frost’s poems also emerges from the interest that is sparked by his ability to â€Å"fool† the reader and hide the true meaning behind his words. One of the most acknowledged of Frost’s poems is â€Å"TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Gow Will Be The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1020 Words   |  5 Pagesand spiritual. So, the question is, does self-discovery only work within an individual or can it be influenced by others around us? Morning, teachers and fellow class mates. My prescribed related text to away by Michael gow will be the road not taken by Robert frost. Away explores the concept of self-discovery and transformation through the characters as they change. By encountering a physical journey, it provides the character with new perspective on life and an understanding attitude away fromRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helped

Helicopter Free Essays

string(56) " about the axis extending from blade root to blade tip\." hHelicopter Definition: A helicopter (or chopper, helo or whirlybird) is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land. We will write a custom essay sample on Helicopter or any similar topic only for you Order Now The capability to hover efficiently for extended periods of time allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft cannot perform. The word helicopter is adapted from the French helicoptere, coined by Gustave de Ponton d’Amecourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek helix/helik- ( ) = â€Å"twisted, curved† and pteron ( ) = â€Å"wing†. Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters are also in widespread use, due to their better payload capacity. Quad rotor helicopters and other types of multicomputer have been developed for specialized applications. Uses Due to the operating characteristics of the helicopter—its ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover for extended periods of time, as well as the aircraft’s handling properties under low airspeed conditions—it has been chosen to conduct tasks that were previously not possible with other aircraft, or were time- or work-intensive to accomplish on the ground. Today, helicopter uses include transportation of people and cargo, military uses, construction, firefighting, search and rescue, tourism, medical transport, and aerial observation, among others. Sikorsky S-64 Sky crane lifting a prefab house Sikorsky S-76C+ air ambulance Bell 205 dropping water on fire HH-65 Dolphin demonstrating hoist rescue capability AgustaWestland Apache attack helicopter A helicopter used to carry loads connected to long cables or slings is called an aerial crane. Aerial cranes are used to place heavy equipment, like radio transmission towers and large air conditioning units, on the tops of tall buildings, or when an item must be raised up in a remote area, such as a radio tower raised on the top of a hill or mountain. Helicopters are used as aerial cranes in the logging industry to lift trees out of terrain where vehicles cannot travel and where environmental concerns prohibit the building of roads. These operations are referred to as logline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load. The most grand-scale single non-combat helicopter operation in history was the disaster management operation following the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Hundreds of pilots were involved in airdrop and observation missions, making dozens of sorties a day for several months. Helitack is the use of helicopters to combat wild land fires. The helicopters are used for aerial firefighting (or water bombing) and may be fitted with tanks or carry helibuckets. Helibuckets, such as the Bambi bucket, are usually filled by submerging the bucket into lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. Tanks fitted onto helicopters are filled from a hose while the helicopter is on the ground or water is siphoned from lakes or reservoirs through a hanging snorkel as the helicopter hovers over the water source. Helitack helicopters are also used to deliver firefighters, who rappel down to inaccessible areas, and to resupply firefighters. Common firefighting helicopters include variants of the Bell 205 and the Erickson S-64 Aircrane helitanker. Helicopters are used as air ambulances for emergency medical assistance in situations when an ambulance cannot easily or quickly reach the scene, or cannot transport the patient to a medical facility in time. Helicopters are also used when a patient needs to be transported between medical facilities and air transportation is the most practical method for the safety of the patient. Air ambulance helicopters are equipped to provide medical treatment to a patient while in flight. The use of helicopters as air ambulances is often referred to as MEDEVAC and patients are referred to as being â€Å"airlifted†, or â€Å"medevaced†. Police departments and other law enforcement agencies use helicopters to pursue suspects. Since helicopters can achieve a unique aerial view, they are often used in conjunction with police on the ground to report on suspects’ locations and movements. They are often mounted with lighting and heat-sensing equipment for night pursuits. Military forces use attack helicopters to conduct aerial attacks on ground targets. Such helicopters are mounted with missile launchers and miniguns. Transport helicopters are used to ferry troops and supplies where the lack of an airstrip would make transport via fixed-wing aircraft impossible. The use of transport helicopters to deliver troops as an attack force on an objective is referred to as Air Assault. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) helicopter systems of varying sizes are being developed by companies for military reconnaissance and surveillance duties. Naval forces also use helicopters equipped with dipping sonar for anti-submarine warfare, since they can operate from small ships. Oil companies charter helicopters to move workers and parts quickly to remote drilling sites located out to sea or in remote locations. The speed over boats makes the high operating cost of helicopters cost effective to ensure that oil platforms continue to flow. Various companies specialize in this type of operation. Other uses of helicopters include, but are not limited to: * Aerial photography * Motion picture photography Electronic news gathering * Reflection seismology * Search and Rescue * Tourism or recreation * Transport Design features Parts and functions The simple rotor of a Robinson R22 Robinson R44 rotor head The simple rotor of a  Robinson R22  showing (from the top): * The following are driven by the link rods from the rotating part of the  swash plate. * Pitch hinges, allowing the blades to twist about the axis extending from blade r oot to blade tip. You read "Helicopter" in category "Papers" * Teeter hinge, allowing one blade to rise vertically while the other falls vertically. This motion occurs whenever translational relative wind is present, or in response to a cyclic control input. * Scissor link and counterweight, carries the main shaft rotation down to the upper swash plate * Rubber covers protect moving and stationary shafts * Swash plates, transmitting cyclic and collective pitch to the blades (the top one rotates) * Three non-rotating control rods transmit pitch information to the lower swash plate * Main mast leading down to main  gearbox Safety Limitations HAL Dhruv  performing aerobatics during the  Royal International Air Tattoo  in 2008. Royal Australian Navy  Squirrelhelicopters during a display at the 2008 Melbourne Grand Prix The main limitation of the helicopter is its low speed. There are several reasons a helicopter cannot fly as fast as a fixed-wing aircraft. When the helicopter is hovering, the outer tips of the rotor travel at a speed determined by the length of the blade and the RPM. In a moving helicopter, however, the speed of the blades relative to the air depends on the speed of the helicopter as well as on their rotational velocity. The airspeed of the advancing rotor blade is much higher than that of the helicopter itself. It is possible for this blade to exceed the  speed of sound, and thus produce vastly increased drag and vibration. Because the advancing blade has higher airspeed than the retreating blade and generates a  dissymmetry of lift, rotor blades are designed to â€Å"flap†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ lift and twist in such a way that the advancing blade flaps up and develops a smaller angle of attack. Conversely, the retreating blade flaps down, develops a higher angle of attack, and generates more lift. At high speeds, the force on the rotors is such that they â€Å"flap† excessively and the retreating blade can reach too high an angle and stall. For this reason, the maximum safe forward airspeed of a helicopter is given a design rating called  VNE,  Velocity, Never Exceed. In addition it is possible for the helicopter to fly at an airspeed where an excessive amount of the retreating blade stalls, which results in high vibration, pitch -up, and roll into the retreating blade. During the closing years of the 20th century designers began working on  helicopter noise reduction. Urban communities have often expressed great dislike of noisy aircraft, and police and passenger helicopters can be unpopular. The redesigns followed the closure of some city heliports and government action to constrain flight paths in  national parks  and other places of natural beauty. Helicopters also vibrate; an unadjusted helicopter can easily vibrate so much that it will shake itself apart. To reduce vibration, all helicopters have rotor adjustments for height and weight. Blade height is adjusted by changing the pitch of the blade. Weight is adjusted by adding or removing weights on the rotor head and/or at the blade end caps. Most also have vibration dampers for height and pitch. Some also use mechanical feedback systems to sense and counter vibration. Usually the feedback system uses a mass as a â€Å"stable reference† and a linkage from the mass operates a flap to adjust the rotor’s  angle of attack  to counter the vibration. Adjustment is difficult in part because measurement of the vibration is hard, usually requiring sophisticated accelerometers mounted throughout the airframe and gearboxes. The most common blade vibration adjustment measurement system is to use a stroboscopic flash lamp, and observe painted markings or coloured reflectors on the underside of the rotor blades. The traditional low-tech system is to mount coloured chalk on the rotor tips, and see how they mark a linen sheet. Gearbox vibration most often requires a gearbox overhaul or replacement. Gearbox or drive train vibrations can be extremely harmful to a pilot. The most severe being pain, numbness, loss of tactile discrimination and dexterity. ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ——————————————— —- ————————————————- ————————————————- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- Helicopter Types Legend for â€Å"Category of Engines†: P – Piston Engine T -Turbine Engine NOTE:  This Chart is provided as a guide only. Manufacturer| Type Designator| Model| Number of Engin es| Minimum Crew Requirement| Aerospatiale-SNIAS Sud Aviation (See Eurocopter)| -| See Eurocopter| -| -| Agusta| A109| Agusta A109A, A109E, A109C, A109S| 2T| 1| | A119| Agusta A119, A119MKII| 1T| 1| | A139| Agusta AB139| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| Bell Helicopters| BH04| Iroquois (all model 204; 205; and CH-118; H-1 Series) 212S Eagle Single| 1T| 1| | BH06| Jet Ranger (all model 206; CH-136; H-58 series; Kiowa)| 1T| 1| | BH06T| Model 206 Twin| 2T| 1| | BH12| Bell 212 series (all CH135; H-1N series)| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | BH214| Bell 214 series (all models except 214ST)| 1T| 1| | BH22| Bell 222; 222B; 222U| 2T| 1| | BH23| Textron (Model 230)| 2T| 1| | BH41| Bell 412| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | BH47| Bell 47 series (all model 47 series; H-13; Ranger)| 1R| 1| | BH47T| Turbine powered BH47| 1T| 1| | BH407| Bell B407| 1T| 1| | BH427| Bell B427| 2T| 1| | B429| Bell 429| 2T| 1| BH430| Bell B430| 2T| 1| | BHST| Bell 214ST| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| Boeing (Vertol) Company Ltd. (new company name: Columbia Helicopters Inc. )| HV07| Labrador (all model 107; H-46; Seaknight)| 2T| 2| | HV34| Chinook (all model 114; H-47 series)| 2T| 2| | BV44| All model 42/44 (H-21 series)| 1P| 1| Brantly Helicopter Corp. HB42| HB-42| All model| 1R| 1| | HB43| All model 305| 1P| 1| Bristol| BR71| Sycamore 171| 1P| 1| Canadian Home Rotors Inc. | BABY| Safari (Baby Belle)| 1P| 1| Cessna Aircraft Co. | C1C| Skyhook (all models)| 1P| 1| Doman Helicopters Inc. | DM52| All model D-10B| 1T| 1| Eagle RD| HELCY| Helicycle| 1T| 1| Eurocopter (Includes Aerospatiale-SNIAS Sud Aviation and Messerschmidt)   | EC20| EC 120B| 1T| 1| | EC25| EC225 Super Puma| 2T| 2| | EC30| EC 130 B4 Astar (all models SA350 Series)| IT| 1| | EC35| EC 35| 2T| 1| | EC45| EC 145 / Bolkow-Blohm 117| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | EC55| EC 155B| 2T| 1| | MBK7| Bolkow-Blohm 117, EC 145| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | MBH5| MBB 105 (Messerschmidt -Bolkow-Blohm)| 2T| 1 VFR| | S313| Alouette II (SE313/3130)| 1T| 1| | S315| Alouette III Model 315| 1T| 1| | S316| Alouette III Model 316/3160| 1T| 1| | S318| Alouette II Model SA318| 1T| 1| | S319| Alouette III Model 319| 1T| 1| | S330| Puma all model SA330)| 2T| 1VFR 2 IFR| | S332| Super Puma (all model SA332)| 2T| 2| | S342| Gazelle (all model SA341 and 342)| 1T| 1| | S350| Astar (all model SA350 series)| 1T| 1| | S355| Twin Star (all model SA355 series)| 2T| 1| | S360| Dauphin (all model SA360 series)| 1T| 1| | S365| Dauphin (all model SA365 series)| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| Enstrom| EH28| Model F-28| 1P| 1| | EH48| Model 4 80| 1T| 1| Hiller Aircraft Division| HL11| All model FH-1100 (OH5A series)| 1T| 1| | HL12| All model UH-12 series (H-23 series)| 1P| 1| | HL2T| Turbine powered HH12| 1T| 1| | HL36| All model 360 series| 1P| 1| Kaman Aerospace Corp. HK12| K-1200| 1T| 1| Kamov| KA32| Kamov KA32| 2T| 1| Mcdonnell-Douglas Helicopters (formerly Hughes)| HU30| All model 269/300 series and Schweizer Model 300C| 1P| 1| | HU50| All model 369/500 series| 1T| 1| | HU52| Model 520N| 1T| 1| | HU60| Model 600N| 1T| 1| | EXPL| All models MD900| 2T| 1| Messerschmidt (See Eurocopter)| -| See Eurocopter| -| -| Mosquito  | MOZY| Mosquito XE| 1P| 1| Revolution Helicopter| M500| Revolution Mini 500| 1P| 1| Robinson Helicopter Co. | RH22| Robinson 22| 1P| 1| | RH44| Robinson Model R44| 1P| 1| RotorWay| ROTO| Executive, Scorpion| 1P| 1| | ROTOT| JetExec, Exec90 R162F| 1T| 1| Schweizer| HU33| Models 269D and 330SP| 1T| 1| Sikorsky Aircraft Division| SK51| All model S-51 series| 1P| 1| | SK55| All model S-55 series| 1P| 1| | SK55T| Turbine powered S55| 1T| 1| | SK58| All model S-58 series| 1P| 1| | SK58T| Turbine powered S58| 2T| 1| | SK61| All model S-61 series (HSS-2; CH-124; H-3; Sea King)| 2T| 2| | SK62| All model S-62 series| 1T| 1| | SK64| All model S-64 series| 2T| 2| | SK76| All model S-76 series| 2T| 1 VFR 2 IFR| | SK92| All model S-92 series| 2T| 2| Vertical Aviation Technologies| S52| VAT Hummingbird| 1P| 1| Example of helicopter design: Helicopter Technical Drawing How to cite Helicopter, Papers

Heparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHeparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs. Answer: Heparin is an anticoagulant medication. Anticoagulants are generally referred to as blood thinners and are used to prevent formation of blood clots. Blood clots could be caused by certain medical procedures. It is also used before surgery to minimise the risks of blood clots. Specifically, the drug is used to prevent and treat conditions such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism (Mulloy, Hogwood, Gray, Lever and Page, 2016). This assignment discusses heparin, nursing considerations for heparin, and APTT test and how it is conducted. Nursing considerations for heparin Close monitoring is necessary when dealing with heparin since it has a narrow therapeutic index. This means that small dose variations may lead to therapeutic failures or cause adverse drug reactions. Heparin could also pose an increased risk for bleeding hence the need for the nurse to be very careful. Another consideration that should be made is that there is potential for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. APTT test Activated Partial Thromboplastin Clotting Time is a test that is used to measure the time it takes for formation of a blood clot. In normal situation, some proteins form a blood clot when a blood vessel is injured or damaged. The aim of this test is to monitor this process to identify the blood clot formation is happening normally (Tripodi and Chantarangkul, 2017). The test procedure is as follows. Blood sample is put in a test tube that contains oxalate or citrate. Mixing and centrifugation follows. A plasma sample is obtained and placed in to measuring test tube. An excess of calcium in a suspension of phospholipid is added. Finally, an activator is added and the time it takes for coagulation to take place is recorded. The typical range of reference is between 30 and 50 seconds. References Mulloy, B., Hogwood, J., Gray, E., Lever, R., Page, C. P. (2016). Pharmacology of heparin and related drugs.Pharmacological reviews,68(1), 76-141. Tripodi, A., Chantarangkul, V. (2017). Lupus Anticoagulant Testing: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Silica Clotting Time (SCT). InHemostasis and Thrombosis (pp. 177-183). Humana Press, New York, NY.

Heparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHeparin for Pharmacology of Related Drugs. Answer: Heparin is an anticoagulant medication. Anticoagulants are generally referred to as blood thinners and are used to prevent formation of blood clots. Blood clots could be caused by certain medical procedures. It is also used before surgery to minimise the risks of blood clots. Specifically, the drug is used to prevent and treat conditions such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism (Mulloy, Hogwood, Gray, Lever and Page, 2016). This assignment discusses heparin, nursing considerations for heparin, and APTT test and how it is conducted. Nursing considerations for heparin Close monitoring is necessary when dealing with heparin since it has a narrow therapeutic index. This means that small dose variations may lead to therapeutic failures or cause adverse drug reactions. Heparin could also pose an increased risk for bleeding hence the need for the nurse to be very careful. Another consideration that should be made is that there is potential for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. APTT test Activated Partial Thromboplastin Clotting Time is a test that is used to measure the time it takes for formation of a blood clot. In normal situation, some proteins form a blood clot when a blood vessel is injured or damaged. The aim of this test is to monitor this process to identify the blood clot formation is happening normally (Tripodi and Chantarangkul, 2017). The test procedure is as follows. Blood sample is put in a test tube that contains oxalate or citrate. Mixing and centrifugation follows. A plasma sample is obtained and placed in to measuring test tube. An excess of calcium in a suspension of phospholipid is added. Finally, an activator is added and the time it takes for coagulation to take place is recorded. The typical range of reference is between 30 and 50 seconds. References Mulloy, B., Hogwood, J., Gray, E., Lever, R., Page, C. P. (2016). Pharmacology of heparin and related drugs.Pharmacological reviews,68(1), 76-141. Tripodi, A., Chantarangkul, V. (2017). Lupus Anticoagulant Testing: Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Silica Clotting Time (SCT). InHemostasis and Thrombosis (pp. 177-183). Humana Press, New York, NY.